PREPOSITION LESSON - EASY TO UNDERSTAND & REMEMBER
Preposition Basic Level Lesson
REMEMBER THESE BENGALI TERMS
on/upon →উপরে
above→ অনেক উপরে
under/down/below / beneath→নীচে
near→ কাছে
across - আড় আড়ি ভাবে / অপর ধারে
over→ উপর দিয়ে
against বিরুদ্ধে
in front of - সামনে
in/inside মধ্যে
out → বাইরে
into ভিতরের দিকে
to - দিকে/তে
toward / towards দিকে (direction)
between - দুজনের মধ্যে
among - অনেকের মধ্যে
onto→ উপর থেকে এসে কিছুর উপরে পড়া
before→ আগে / সামনে
along বরাবর / মিশে যাওয়া
by - পাশে / দ্বারা
beside → পাশে
beyond - ছাড়িয়ে/ পেরিয়ে
by -> যানবাহনের মাধ্যমে**
within- সময়ের মধ্যে
upto→ উপর নির্ভর বোঝাতে
about→ সম্বন্ধে
during সময়কাল
down - নিম্নগতি
through - মধ্য দিয়ে/ মারফত
under, beneath (position). - নিচে
behind→পেছনে
on- নির্ভরশীলতা বোঝাতে-We live on rice.
from -থেকে
for→জন্য
at দাম বোঝাতে> Rice 30rs at kilo.
Of- এর
to -দিকে, প্রতি (গন্তব্যস্থল) destination).
off - দূরে
with→ সাথে, দিয়ে
away → দূরে
around - চারিদিকে, আশেপাশে
এটা বই পরে নয়, এমনিই আমরা জানি যে Preposition দুই ধরণের (i) One word, (ii) Complex
PREPOSITION FORMs:
1) One word Preposition : before, into, on, at, after
2) Complex Preposition : according to, in spite of, on account of
PREPOSITION USES TYPES:
Place : The Book is on the table. The cat is under the table.
Time : I will be back on Sunday.
Movement : The bus is going towards the station.
Manner : I came here by train.
Means : The man was trying to cut the fruit with a blunt thread.
Accompaniment : What can he do without a job?
Possession : This belongs to a friend of mine.
Purpose : He has done everything for charity.
**মনে রাখা ভালো : Pronoun after preposition should be in OBJECT Form (me, her, them) not subjective form (I, she, they)
Ex: That's between him and her.
This is from my brother and me.
Preposition কখন বসে ?
- Preposition সাধারণত Noun বা Pronoun এর আগে বসে।
1. Who, Where, What question : Where are you from?
2. Relative Clause : This is the plan (that) they are working on.
3. Infinitive : Do you have someone to go with?
4. Passive: She hates being stared at.
"to" preposition হিসেবেও বসতে পারে infinitive হিসেবেও বসে - তাহলে কখন কোনটা হবে ? Check this:
'to' preposition vs 'to' infinitive
I look forward to lunch. (used as preposition)
I look forward to seeing you. (seeing is gerund)
(used as preposition)
They love to sing. (used as infinitive)
Preposition vs adverb
* Preposition:
The cat is under the table. → “under” links the cat to the table.
We arrived at noon. → “at” shows time.
* Adverb:
The cat sat outside. → “outside” tells us where, no noun follows.
She sings beautifully. → “beautifully” describes how she sings.
The trick: if the word is followed by a noun/pronoun, it’s a preposition; if not, it’s usually an adverb. [ যদি শব্দটির পরে কোনো noun/pronoun থাকে, তবে সেটি preposition; আর না থাকলে সাধারণত সেটি adverb।]
Example:
He went inside the house → “inside” is a preposition (followed by noun). [Prepositions অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে একটি object (noun/pronoun) প্রয়োজন।]
He stayed inside → “inside” is an adverb (no noun after it).
[Adverbs একাই বসে, কোনো কাজ (verb) বা বৈশিষ্ট্য (qualities) - কে modify করে।]
POSITION অনুযায়ী Prepositions
On - স্পর্শ করে তল ছুঁয়ে থাকা - The cat sat on a mat.
Above- সোজাম্বুজি অনেক উপরে বোঝালে-The fan is above our head.
Over- খানিকটা উপরে সাধারণত গতিশীল - The aeroplane is flying over Kolkata
into - বাইরে থেকে ভিতরের দিকে - The fox ran into the jungle.
Out of - ভিতর থেকে বাইরের দিকে - The mouse came out of its hole
between - দুই-এর মধ্যে - She sits between her two friends
Among - অনেকের মধ্যে বোঝালে - The nun distributed clothes among the poor
across- আড়াআড়িভাবে অতিক্রম করা - The boy ran across the field
along- সমান্তরালে অতিক্রম করা - He walked along the bridge.
Below - অনেক নীচে- A river is flowing below the hill
under - ঠিক নিচে বোঝালে - The boy is sitting under the tree.
in front of - সামনে- he stood in front of me
behind - পিছনে - The garden was behind the house.
beside-পাশে-The house was beside the tree.
inside-বেস্টিত জায়গার ভেতর - Put the money inside the purse.
TIME অনুযায়ী Prepositions:
in - মাস, সাল/ বছর, ঋতু, দশক, শতাব্দীর আগে -
in January
in 1947
in Winter
in 21st century.
in a few decades
on - তারিখ বা বার-
on 1st January (date)
on Monday (day)
In - দিনের বড় সময় -
in the morning
in afternoon
in the night (It is not safe to go out in the night)
at- নির্দিস্ট সময়
দিনের নির্দিষ্ট বেলা
at 10 am, at 9 O'clock, at 12:30 p
at noon
at sunset
at dawn
at sunrise
at dusk at twilight.
at night (a general pentad of night) - I read at night
*At Exception : at Christmas, at Easter - used to imply period not the day only.
e.g.- My father comes at Christmas every year (i.e. during Christmas season) that is implying time period, whereas, My father comes on Christmas (i.e. He comes on exact Christmas day)
Within - সময়ের মধ্যে - I will come back within 15 minutes.
by - নির্ধারিত সময়ের আগে - Came by 7-30 p.m., By midnight, By 7th August.
for - নির্দিষ্ট সময়কাল ধরে - period of time - We are doing the project for weeks.
since - নির্দিষ্ট সময় থেকে - It is raining since the morning.
during - সময়কালীন - We will stay there during summer vacation.
from - সময় থেকে | to, till/untill সাথে ব্যবহার হয় - Most people work from nine to five. (সময় period বোঝায়)
on time/in time - কোনো নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে, আগেও না পরেও না - She came on time. (at the exact hour/যে সময়ে আসতে বলা হয়েছিল)
She came in time. (in good time / ভালো সময়ে/ দরকারের সময়ে)
till/untill - পর্যন্ত - I waited for you from six until eight in the morning.
Let's start from now and work till dark.
Movement and Travel - Preposition
at - ছোট জায়গা , নির্দিষ্ট জায়গা - at Ballygunge, at the bookstall, at the station
in - তুলনায় বড় জায়গা (শহর (দেশ/গ্রাম) - in India, in Kolkata, in Jhargram
at - নির্দিষ্ট কোন কিছুর প্রতি - The strange man looked at me. The boys the stones at the dog.
to - কোন দিকে যাওয়া/ জায়গায় যাওয়া (destination) - They go to school. Go to the left Toward north toward home
towards - কোনো দিক বোঝালে
up - উপরে যাওয়া বোঝালে -He climbed up the stairs.
down- নীচে নামা - He climbed down the kills.
from......to - থেকে............. পর্যন্ত - We travel from our starting place to our destination.
get to - destination, reached - I want to get to Nairobi by noon.
** Transport preposition: by/on/get in/into/onto/off/out of
Use:
We can travel by car.
We can travel in Mrs. Dutta's car.
We can also travel by a certain route. / I went via National highway.
We can walk or go on foot/ on horse back/ on cycle.
We get in/into a private vehicle.
We go on board a plane, ship etc.
We get on / on to a horse/camel/bicycle.
SPECIAL CASES
প্রান্তের মধ্যে বা ভেতরে - in - Kashmir is in the north of India.
প্রান্তের উপরে - on - The Himalayas stand on the north of India.
প্রান্তের বাইরে - to - Sri Lanka is to the south of India.
ব্যক্তির দ্বারা/ দিয়ে- by -This is made by then.
বস্তুর দ্বারা /সাহায্যে / দিয়ে - with - This is made with wax.
কোন কিছুর উদ্দেশ্যে / জন্য - for - He died for the country.
কোন কিছুর কারনে - from - He is suffering from fever
কোন রোগে মৃত্যু বোঝাতে -of -He died of cancer.
COMPLEX PREPOSITION
নির্দিষ্ট কিছু Preposition কেবল নির্দিষ্ট কিছু শব্দের সাথেই ব্যবহৃত বা যুক্ত হতে পারে। কিছু সম্ভাব্য সংযোজনের উদাহরণ এখানে দেওয়া হলো :-
(a) Noun + for
* A reason for
e.g. No one knows the reason for his dismissal
(b) Noun + of
* A cause of / an advantage of
e.g. One advantage of boarding schools is that ....
A map of (e.g. A map of East Africa)
(c) Noun + in
* An increase in
* A fall in (e.g. A fall in coffee prices)
(d) Noun + to
* A damage to
* A solution to
* An attitude to (or towards)
e.g. He has a negative attitude to English.
(e) Noun + with
* A connection with
* A relationship with
e.g. He has a good relationship with his parents.
(f) Adjective + of
* Kind of
* Nice of
e.g. It was kind of you to pay my college fees.
(g) Adjective + about / with
* Angry with / angry about
* Excited about
* Worried about
* Upset about e.t.c.
(i) Adjective + at/by/with
* Surprised at / by (e.g. bad news)
* Impressed with / by
(j) Adjective + about /for
* Sorry about
e.g. She was sorry about the printing error
(k) Adjective + of
* Afraid of
* Frightened of
* Terrified of
* Aware / conscious of
* Full of
* Short of, typical of, tired of, sure of e.t.c.
(l) Adjective + at
* Good at, bad at, (e.g. chemistry), hopeless at.
(m) Adjective + to
e.g. similar to, married to, engaged to e.t.c
Other possible combinations of adjectives + prepositions are: -
Different from, interested in, keen on, dependent on, independent of, crowded with, famous for, responsible for.
DISTINGUISHING PREPOSITIONS FROM CONNECTORS AND ADVERB PARTICLES
ব্যবহারের উপর নির্ভর করে, কিছু শব্দ যা Preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, সেগুলো অন্যভাবেও ব্যবহৃত হয় -
Connectors or adverbs.
e.g. I saw him before going to class – I saw him and went to class. (Conjunction)
The usage of the word before here is different from," He stood before everybody"
which is an adverb answering the question when?
He sat before me (in front of me). Before is used as a preposition (it is asking where – in relation to the subject).
Since:
Since can be used as an adverb. It can also be used as a conjunction
e.g. I am not going since there isn't any food remaining
(Conjunction – to mean because)
Since you are unwell, you will be required to stay home. (Adverb of reason)
In conclusion, it is important to learn the correct use of prepositions by reading, speaking, listening and writing.
too hard? ditch the last part !
Let's have some practice, shall we?
EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS
EXERCISE A
Supply for, since, at, in, on, by; where required in the following sentences
We don’t work a lot ____________ afternoon.
The terrorist attach was ____________ 11th September.
They lived in Kenya ____________ two years.
She went into his house ____________ last evening.
They got married ____________ June.
I haven’t seen him ____________ then.
We have been waiting ____________ over half an hour.
Most animals eat ____________ night and sleep during the day.
I studied ____________ two hours last night.
He lives ____________ Kolkata.
EXERCISE B
Supply the sentences below with the most appropriate prepositions.
He lent his power saw ____________ a man he hardly knew.
That noise is preventing me ____________ working.
He was knocked ____________ as he crossed the road.
She brought ____________ by her aunt.
She is jealous ____________ my success.
Juma applied ____________ the company ____________ a job.
Have you found the solution ____________ the problem.
The teacher was angry ____________ the students who came late.
He wrote the essay ____________ ink.
Ouma is well qualified ____________ the job.
I am very concerned ____________ my unemployed brother.
The soldier was punished ____________ neglect of duty.
He dived ____________ the river to rescue his drowning brother.
He was saved ____________ the buffalo by a game warder.
The plane touched ____________ at six o’clock.
The surgeon operated ____________ injured man.
We mistook him ____________ robber.
They were amazed ____________ what was happening.
It was very kind ____________ you to help me.
The tourist was robbed ____________ all his property.
EXERCISE C
Use the most appropriate prepositions to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
We got ____________ the public bus.
I got ____________ the public toilet.
There is a bridge ____________ river Athi.
She cut it ____________ a knife.
I have no money ____________ with me.
They were involved ____________ the robbery.
No one is interested ____________ phonographs.
We were frightened ____________ lions.
I am sorry ____________ you.
I didn’t believe ____________ ghosts.
He deals ____________ gold.
I object ____________ her argument.
He dreamt ____________ building a mansion.
They persisted ____________ selling the plot of land.
The thief climbed ____________ the wall.
The customers complained ____________ stale food.
He said nothing ____________ his parents.
She has served the company ____________ 1980.
I bought a jacket ____________ Kioko.
The students climbed ____________ the school truck .
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