"Strong Roots" by APJ Abdul Kalam –
Text, Summary, Bengali Meaning, MCQ type Questions & Answers, and Exam Tips_
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, one of India’s most respected scientists and former President, shares his childhood experiences in "Strong Roots", an excerpt from his autobiography "Wings of Fire". This piece provides deep insights into his upbringing in Rameswaram, the values instilled by his parents, and the spiritual teachings that shaped his outlook on life. This deeply personal account highlights the simple yet profound philosophy that shaped Kalam’s character and beliefs.
This blog post covers:
- The complete text of Strong Roots
- A simple and detailed summary for easy understanding
- Bengali meanings of difficult words to help students grasp the text better
- A Bengali Summary to understand the text better
- Suggestions of Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with answers
- Exam tips to help you score well in your English paper
Strong Roots by APJ Abdul Kalam – Complete Guide for Students
ডঃ এ.পি.জে. আব্দুল কালামের Strong Roots তাঁর আত্মজীবনী Wings of Fire-এর একটি অংশ, যেখানে তিনি তাঁর শৈশব, পারিবারিক মূল্যবোধ এবং পিতার আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষা সম্পর্কে আলোচনা করেছেন। এই রচনায় তিনি রামেশ্বরমে বেড়ে ওঠার অভিজ্ঞতা, ধর্মীয় সম্প্রীতি এবং জীবনের প্রতি তাঁর দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির কথা বলেছেন। এই ব্লগ পোস্টে Strong Roots-এর সম্পূর্ণ পাঠ্যাংশ, সহজ ভাষায় সারসংক্ষেপ, কঠিন শব্দের বাংলা অর্থ, বাছাই করা Important MCQ প্রশ্নোত্তর ও পরীক্ষার প্রস্তুতির জন্য দরকারি টিপস দেওয়া হয়েছে।
"Strong Roots" by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam- Text
"Strong Roots" - Word Meaning in Bengali
middle-class = মধ্যবিত্ত
erstwhile = পূর্ববর্তী / আগের
disadvantages = অসুবিধা / দুর্বলতা
innate wisdom = স্বভাবসিদ্ধ জ্ঞান
true generosity of spirit = প্রকৃত উদার মানসিকতা
widely regarded = বহুল প্রশংসিত / ব্যাপকভাবে স্বীকৃত
lineage = বংশপরম্পরা / বংশধারা
distinguished = বিশিষ্ট / সম্মানিত
forebears = পূর্বপুরুষ
bestowed = প্রদান করা / অর্পণ করা
ancestral house = পৈতৃক বাড়ি
pucca house = পাকা বাড়ি
limestone and brick = চুনাপাথর ও ইট
Mosque Street = মসজিদ রোড / মসজিদের রাস্তা
austere = কঠোর / সংযমী
inessential comforts = অপ্রয়োজনীয় বিলাসিতা
secure childhood = নিরাপদ শৈশব
ladled = পরিবেশন করা / তুলে দেওয়া
aromatic sambar = সুগন্ধিযুক্ত সাম্বর
pickle = আচার
dollop = এক চামচ / এক টুকরো
pilgrims = তীর্থযাত্রী
amicably = সৌহার্দ্যপূর্ণভাবে
faintest idea = সামান্যতম ধারণা
merciful = দয়ালু
traditional attire = ঐতিহ্যবাহী পোশাক
spiritual matters = আধ্যাত্মিক বিষয়
relevance = প্রাসঙ্গিকতা
mysterious = রহস্যময়
communion = মিলন / সংযোগ
transcend = অতিক্রম করা / পার হওয়া
cosmos = বিশ্বজগৎ
creed = ধর্মবিশ্বাস
convey = প্রকাশ করা / বোঝানো
manifest = প্রতিফলিত হওয়া / স্পষ্ট হওয়া
divine Being = পরম সত্তা / ঈশ্বর
difficulties = কঠিন পরিস্থিতি / অসুবিধা
sufferings = দুঃখ-কষ্ট
problems = সমস্যা
Adversity = প্রতিকূলতা / দুর্দশা
opportunities = সুযোগ
introspection = আত্মবিশ্লেষণ
"Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection.” = "প্রতিকূলতা সর্বদা আত্মবিশ্লেষণের সুযোগ এনে দেয়।"
capacity = সামর্থ্য / ক্ষমতা
comprehend = বুঝতে পারা
enthusiasm = উদ্দীপনা / উৎসাহ
recurrent anguish = বারবার দেখা দেওয়া যন্ত্রণা
impasse = অচলাবস্থা / সংকটময় পরিস্থিতি
propitiate = প্রশমিত করা / প্রসন্ন করা
fulfilment = পরিপূর্ণতা / সন্তুষ্টি
emulate = অনুসরণ করা / অনুকরণ করা
endeavoured = চেষ্টা করা
confusion = বিভ্রান্তি
misery = দুর্দশা / কষ্ট
melancholy = বিষণ্ণতা
failure = ব্যর্থতা
"Strong Roots" - Summary
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam or Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a middle-class Tamil family in Rameswaram, a small island town in Tamil Nadu. His father, Jainulabdeen, was not highly educated or wealthy, but he was wise and kind-hearted. His mother, Ashiamma, was also generous and came from a respected family. Their home was always open to guests, and many people ate with them daily.
Kalam grew up in a secure and loving environment. Though he was not particularly tall or handsome like his parents, he lived a happy childhood in their large ancestral house. His father was a simple man who avoided luxuries but ensured that the family had all necessities like food, clothing, and medicine.
The town of Rameswaram was famous for its Shiva temple. The community was a mix of Hindus and Muslims, who lived peacefully together. Jainulabdeen's very close friend was the head priest of Rameswaram Temple. Kalam's father was deeply respected, and people of all religions would seek his blessings. He believed in the power of prayer, explaining to young Kalam that prayer connects people spiritually, beyond material differences like wealth, caste, or religion.
One of the most important lessons Kalam learned from his father was about facing difficulties in life. His father told him that hardships should be seen as opportunities to learn and grow, rather than reasons to be afraid. He also emphasized that people should not rely on superstitions or others to solve their problems but should find strength within themselves.
Kalam admired his father’s disciplined lifestyle. He started his day at 4 AM with prayers, worked hard, and remained strong even in his old age. Throughout his life, Kalam tried to follow his father’s wisdom in his career in science and technology. He believed that there is a higher power that can guide people through difficulties and help them find true happiness and peace.
"Strong Roots" - Bengali Summary
ডঃ এ.পি.জে. আব্দুল কালাম তামিলনাড়ুর একটি ছোট দ্বীপ শহর রামেশ্বরমে একটি মধ্যবিত্ত তামিল পরিবারে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তাঁর বাবা, জয়নুলআবেদিন, উচ্চশিক্ষিত বা ধনী ছিলেন না, তবে তিনি অত্যন্ত জ্ঞানী ও দয়ালু মানুষ ছিলেন। তাঁর মা, আশিয়াম্মা, ছিলেন উদার মনের এবং একটি সম্মানিত পরিবার থেকে এসেছিলেন। তাঁদের বাড়ি সবসময় অতিথিদের জন্য উন্মুক্ত ছিল, এবং প্রতিদিন বহু মানুষ তাঁদের সঙ্গে খাবার খেতেন।
কালাম তাঁর শৈশব নিরাপত্তা ও ভালোবাসার পরিবেশে কাটান। তিনি দেখতে খুব আকর্ষণীয় ছিলেন না, তবে তাঁর বাবা-মা ছিলেন লম্বা ও সুন্দর চেহারার। তাঁদের পূর্বপুরুষদের তৈরি বড়ো পাকা বাড়িতে তিনি বেড়ে ওঠেন। তাঁর বাবা বিলাসিতা পছন্দ করতেন না, তবে তিনি পরিবারের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় সমস্ত কিছু যেমন খাবার, জামাকাপড় ও ওষুধের ব্যবস্থা করতেন।
রামেশ্বরম শহরটি তার শিব মন্দিরের জন্য বিখ্যাত ছিল। সেখানে হিন্দু ও মুসলমানরা মিলেমিশে শান্তিতে বসবাস করতেন। জয়নুলআবেদিন-এর কাছের বন্ধু ছিলেন রামেশ্বরম শিব মন্দিরের প্রধান পুরোহিত আর তারা প্রায়ই ধর্ম-আলোচনায় মেতে থাকতেন। কালামের বাবা অত্যন্ত সম্মানিত ছিলেন, এবং বিভিন্ন ধর্মের মানুষ তাঁর আশীর্বাদ নিতে আসতেন। তিনি প্রার্থনার গুরুত্ব সম্পর্কে কালামকে শেখান এবং বলেন, প্রার্থনা মানুষের মধ্যে আধ্যাত্মিক সংযোগ তৈরি করে, যা ধন-সম্পদ, জাত বা ধর্মের ভেদাভেদ ভুলিয়ে দেয়।
কালামের বাবা তাঁকে জীবনের কঠিন সময়গুলোর মুখোমুখি হতে শিখিয়েছিলেন। তিনি বলেন, জীবনের দুঃখ-কষ্টকে ভয় না পেয়ে তা থেকে শিক্ষা নেওয়া উচিত। মানুষকে অন্যের উপর নির্ভর না করে নিজের মধ্যেই সমস্যার সমাধান খুঁজে নিতে হবে।
কালাম তাঁর বাবার শৃঙ্খলাবদ্ধ জীবনধারা দেখে মুগ্ধ হতেন। তাঁর বাবা প্রতিদিন ভোর ৪টায় নামাজ পড়তেন, কঠোর পরিশ্রম করতেন এবং বৃদ্ধ বয়সেও এই অভ্যাস বজায় রেখেছিলেন। কালাম তাঁর বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তির জগতে বাবার শিক্ষা অনুসরণ করার চেষ্টা করেছেন। তিনি বিশ্বাস করতেন যে এক উচ্চতর শক্তি আছে, যা মানুষকে বিভ্রান্তি, দুঃখ, ব্যর্থতা থেকে মুক্তি দিয়ে প্রকৃত সুখ ও শান্তির পথে চালিত করতে পারে।
Strong Roots - MCQ ( Multiple Choice Questions)
1. The name of APJ Abdul Kalam’s autobiography is –
a) An Autobiography
b) Wings of Fire
c) Malgudi Days
d) The Story of My Experiments with Truth
2. 'Strong Roots’ is taken from APJ Abdul Kalam’s
a) Ignited Minds
b) Wings of Fire
c) My Journey
d) Indomitable Spirit
3. APJ Abdul Kalam was the –
a) Prime Minister of India
b) President of India
c) Chief Minister
d) Judge of Supreme Court
4. APJ Abdul Kalam was born into a ______________ family.
a) middle-class Tamil
b) lower middle-class Tamil
c) upper-class Tamil
d) none of these
5. APJ Abdul Kalam’s birth place was in the island town of –
a) Goa
b) Andaman
c) Rameswaram
d) Puri
6. APJ Abdul Kalam’s father had –
a) much formal education
b) much formal education and wealth
c) neither much formal education nor much wealth
d) none of these
7. Who possessed great innate wisdom and true generosity of spirit –
a) Ashiamma
b) Kalam
c) Jainulabdeen
d) Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry
8. Kalam’s father possessed
(a) Great innate wisdom
(b) True generosity of spirit
(c) Divine power
(d) Great innate wisdom and true generosity of spirit
9. APJ Abdul Kalam’s father found an ideal helpmate in –
a) Ashiamma
b) Jalaludeen
c) Abdul Kalam
d) Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry
10. Kalam’s parents were widely regarded as –
a) Proud parents
b) An ideal couple
c) Successful parents
d) Fortunate parents
11. Kalam was quite sure that her mother fed –
a) many beggars
b) many outsiders
c) all her family members
d) all of these
12. One of the forebears of Kalam’s mother was awarded by the British the title of –
a) Bahadur
b) Raibahadur
c) Padmashree
d) Bharat Ratna
13. Kalam had –
a) charming looks
b) undistinguished looks
c) ugly looks
d) pretty looks
14. According to APJ Abdul Kalam, his parents were –
a) tall
b) handsome
c) tall and handsome
d) short but handsome
15. Kalam and his brothers and sisters lived in their
a) ancestral house
b) rented house
c) hut
d) Cottage
16. The ancestral house of APJ Abdul Kalam was a fairly large pucca house which was made of –
a) cement and brick
b) limestone and brick
c) clay and brick
d) sand and brick
17. What type of house did Kalam's family live in?
a) Mud hut
b) Brick house
c) Wooden bungalow
d) Thatched house
18. Kalam’s father led a –
a) very simple life
b) very undisciplined life
c) luxurious life
d) moderate life
19. APJ Abdul Kalam’s father used to avoid all _____________ comforts and luxuries. –
a) essential
b) inessential
c) avoidable
d) unavoidable
20. Abdul Kalam’s ancestral house was built in –
a) mid 19th century
b) late 19th century
c) early 20th century
d)early 19th century
21. In his childhood Kalam was provided with all necessary –
a) food, medicine and clothes
b) money
c) support for games and sports
d) all of the above
22. Kalam accepted that he had a very _________ childhood. –
a) insecure
b) uncertain
c) painful
d) secure
23. Kalam usually ate with his –
a) father
b) mother
c) outsiders
d) family members
24. Kalam usually ate with his mother
a) sitting on the floor
b) with the banana leaves
c) aromatic sambar and rice
d) all the three
25. _______________ made Rameswaram famous to pilgrims –
a) the Krishna Temple
b) the Shiva Temple
c) the Tirupati Temple
d) the Kali Temple
26. The Shiva Temple was about _________ minutes walk from Kalam’s house. –
a) a ten
b) a five
c) a twenty
d) a fifteen
27. Kalam’s locality was predominantly –
a) Hindu
b) Buddhist
c) Jain
d) Muslim
28. Kalam’s father would take him to the mosque for –
a) pre-dawn prayer
b) mid-day prayer
c) evening prayer
d) afternoon prayer
29. Kalam’s father went to a very old mosque every evening –
a) alone
b) with his wife
c) with his friends
d) with his son, Kalam
30. Kalam had no idea of the meaning of the prayer because –
a) it was difficult to understand
b) it was chanted in Arabic
c) it was not properly audible
d) none of these
31. What was Kalam convinced about the Arabic prayers?–
a) It reaches all people
b) It is useless
c) It reaches God
d) It has no effect at all
32. When Kalam’s father came out of the mosque after the prayers, people of __________ community would be sitting outside to meet him.
a) Muslim
b) his friends
c) different
d) his relatives
33. People sat outside the mosque and waited for -
a) the narrator
b) Kalam's mother
c) Kalam's father
d) the Imam
34. Many people offered bowls of water to Kalam's father who would-
a) drink the water
b) dip his fingertips in them
c) take those bowls home
d) place them inside the mosque
35. Having dipped his fingertips in the bowl of water and saying a prayer, Kalam's father-
a) polluted the water
b) drank the water
c) sanctified the water
d) purified the water
36. When Kalam’s father came out of the mosque, he saw people –
a) asking him for alms
b) offering him the bowls of water
c) asking him for help
d) offering him money
37. The holy water sanctified by his father was carried for –
a) drink
b) worship
c) invalids
d) none of these
38. People came to meet Kalam's father in their house to -
a) sanctify water
b) cure the invalids
c) offer thanks
d) seek his advice
39. When people thanked Jainulabdeen after being cured, he asked them to thank-
a) Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry
b) Allah, the merciful
c) the universe
d) various divine forces
40. How does APJ Abdul Kalam sum up his childhood in Rameswaram? –
a) a time when he moved from rags to riches
b) a period of extreme comfort and affluence
c) a time of want and deprivation
d) a very secure time, materially and emotionally
41. “My mother’s lineage was the more distinguished.” Here ‘lineage’ means –
a) family background
b) standing in a line
c) linkage
d) average age.
42. Dr. Kalam’s mother’s lineage was more — than his father’s.
a) superior
b) Distinguished
c) Aristocratic
d) Lowly
43. Dr. Kalam lived on the – Street
a) Muslim
b) Mausoleum
c) Mosque
d) Monument
44. Dr. Kalam lived with both Hindu and Muslim neighbours –
a) Peacefully
b) Amicably
c) In stress
d) Lovingly
45. According to Dr. Kalam’s father, during prayer
a) One becomes part of the cosmos
b) The cosmos becomes one
c) Part becomes whole
d) Cosmos is distributed into parts
46. According to Kalam’s father since adversity always presents opportunities for introspection, we must try to —
a) Understand its relevance
b) Accept it.
c) Blame others and find their faults.
d) Propitiate demonic forces with prayers and offerings
47. Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry was the –
a) councillor of the town
b) headmaster of Rameswaram School
c) high priest of the Shiva temple
d) none of these
48. The name of the high priest of Rameswaram Temple was
a) Lakshmana Sastry
b) Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry
c) Ram Lakshmana Sastry
d) Rameswaram Sastry
49. Kalam remembered his father discussing with Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry about –
a) politics
b) the riots
c) sports
d) spiritual matters
50. According to Kalam’s father, when we pray we transcend our body and become a part of –
a) the earth
b) the cosmos
c) the god
d) the world
51. According to Kalam’s father, __________ knows no division of wealth, age, caste or creed. –
a) the earth
b) the cosmos
c) the god
d) the world
52. Abdul Kalam’s father would convey complex spiritual concepts in simple down-to-earth –
a) Arabic
b) Urdu
c) Tamil
d) Telegu
53. According to Kalam’s father, adversity always presents opportunities for –
a) inspection
b) introduction
c) introspection
d) retrospection
54. Kalam’s father believed that man looked for a company –
a) when he was happy
b) when he was lonely
c) when he was afraid
d) when he was cheerful
55. The words of Abdul Kalam’s father filled him with strange energy and –
a) relief
b) enthusiasm
c) perseverance
d) determination
56. According to Kalam’s father, whenever people reach an impasse, they –
a) become frustrated
b) look for someone to help them
c) surrender themselves to God
d) try to understand the relevance of it
57. Abdul Kalam describes his parents as being –
a) wealthy, educated and generous
b) highly educated but not wealthy
c) very poor and illiterate
d) neither wealthy nor highly educated but kind, wise and large-hearted
58. Kalam’s father was acknowledged as a spiritual person because –
a) he was very knowledgeable about spiritual matters
b) he worked at the local mosque
c) he read the namaz before dawn
d) the priest of the Rameswaram temple had discussions with him
59. Kalam’s father believed that for people in distress, he was –
a) mere mediator
b) greater than God
c) solver of problems
d) a helpless onlooker of their difficulties
60. The piece presents a delightful sketch of the author’s early life and the development of his _______ growth.
a) spiritual
b) life
c) science
d) Space
61. Growing old enough, once Kalam asked his father about-
a) the existence of God
b) the utter mystery of life
c) the relevance of prayer
d) his father's austerity
62. "When troubles come, try to understand the relevance of your sufferings."- This is said by -
a) APJ Abdul Kalam
b) Jainulabdeen
c) Ashiamma
d) Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry.
63. Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection."- Here the word 'introspection' means-
a) insight
b) inner vision
c) sufferings
d) deep thought about one's feelings
64. According to Kalam's father, every human being is a -
a) blessed entity
b) heavenly being
c) specific element within the whole of the manifest divine being
d) unique man with specific qualities
65. A.PJ Abdul Kalam is -
a) the one of the two sons of
b) the single son in the family
c) one of the many children of Jainulabdeen
d) the eldest and tallest child of Jainulabdeen
66. What type of childhood did Kalam have?
a) Miserable and poor
b) Insecure and unstable
c) Secure, both materially and emotionally
d) Lonely and deprived
67. The father of Kalam led -
a) a very secure and peaceful life
b) a very luxurious and peaceful life
c) a very fast and laborious and peaceful life
d) a very austere and peaceful life
68. Out of the most vivid memories of Kalam's early childhood is of -
a) two men discussing political problems
b) two men discussing economic matters
c) two men discussing spiritual matters
d) two men discussing Hindu-Muslim unity
69. Which of the following was not part of Kalam's meal?
a) Sambar
b) Pickle
c) Bread
d) Coconut chutney
70. What did Kalam's father prioritize the most?
a) Education
b) Spirituality and simplicity
c) Politics
d) Business
71. How did young Kalam perceive the Arabic prayers?
a) He fully understood them
b) He ignored them
c) He did not understand them but believed they reached God
d) He found them meaningless
72. What kind of meal did Kalam eat with his mother?
a) Rice, sambar, pickle, and coconut chutney
b) Roti and dal
c) Bread and butter
d) Fish and chips
73. What did Kalam remember about his father and Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry?
a) Their heated arguments
b) Their discussions on politics
c) Their spiritual discussions
d) Their business dealings
74. What did Kalam's father say about prayer?
a) It was a mysterious ritual
b) It created a communion of the spirit
c) It should be avoided
d) It was only for the elderly
75. According to Kalam's father, what does prayer help one transcend?
a) Time
b) Wealth
c) The body
d) Education
76. APJ Abdul Kalam was born to
a) parents of bright complexion
b) short but handsome parents
c) parents of dark complexion
d) tall and handsome parents
77. Kalam was convinced that there exists
a) a divine power
b) a magical power
c) an economical power
d) a natural power
78. Kalam's father said that for the distressed people he acted as-
a) a go-between
b) a priest
c) a mentor
d) a guru
79. Kalam's austere father did not like -
a) essential comforts
b) material wealth
c) luxuries
d) Arabic prayer
80. Every recurrent anguish, longing and desire
a) finds special friend
b) finds hindrances
c) finds a physician
d) finds its special helper
81. "This water was then carried home for invalids" - Hear the word 'invalid' means
a) illogical
b) inessential
c) infirm and incapable persons
d) worthless
82. According to APJ Abdul Kalam, the divine power can lift one up from -
(a) confusion and misery
(b) melancholy
(c) failure
(d) all the above
83. Kalam remembers his father starting his day at ____ am.
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
84. Kalam remembers his father starting his day –
a) with namaz after dawn
b) with namaz before dawn
c) with morning walk
d) with meditation
85. The coconut grove where Abdul Kalam’s father used to walk down every morning was about / Jainulabdeen’s coconut grove was miles from his house –
a) One and a half miles
b) Three miles
c) Four miles
d) Four and a half miles
86. Kalam’s father would go to their coconut grove and return with about –
a) a dozen coconuts
b) half a dozen coconuts
c) 10 coconuts
d) 14 coconuts
87. Kalam’s father would maintain his routine- bound life up to –
a) sixties
b) late sixties
c) seventies
d) late seventies
88. Kalam tried to emulate his father in his own world of –
a) politics
b) medical science
c) social service
d) science and technology
89. Kalam had deep faith in the existence of a –
a) divine power
b) supernatural power
c) devilish power
d) his father’s rituals
90. According to Kalam an individual can attain freedom, happiness and peace of mind by –
a) reading the daily namaz
b) severing his mental and physical bonds
c) avoiding all luxuries of life
d) following a routine-bound life
91. Jainulabdeen started his day at 4 a.m. with –
a) Namaz
b) Breakfast
c) Morning walk
d) Plucking coconuts
92. What is the significance of the title "Strong Roots" in this extract?
a) It refers to the author's family tree
b) It symbolizes the important values instilled in the author during his childhood
c) It describes the strong trees near his childhood home
d) It foreshadows the author's future achievements
93. Why did Kalam's father hesitate before answering his son's question?
a) He was unsure of the answer
b) He was testing his son's ability to understand
c) He did not want to answer
d) He was too busy
94. What kind of energy did Kalam feel after his father's response?
a) Confusion
b) Sadness
c) Fear
d) Enthusiasm
95. What did Kalam's father say about people in distress?
a) They should donate money
b) They should pray to Allah
c) They look for someone to guide them
d) They must suffer alone
96. What is a "fear-ridden vision of destiny," according to Kalam's father?
a) A belief that fate controls everything
b) A positive outlook on life
c) A scientific approach to life
d) A refusal to accept problems
97. What did Kalam try to emulate from his father?
a) His business skills
b) His commitment to spirituality
c) His love for food
d) His political beliefs
98. What did Kalam believe about divine power?
a) It is a myth
b) It lifts one from misery and confusion
c) It only helps religious people
d) It controls people's lives directly
99. What was the core belief of Kalam's father about human destiny?
a) It is controlled by supernatural forces
b) It is fixed and cannot be changed
c) It is shaped by individual effort and understanding
d) It depends entirely on religious practices
100. According to Kalam's father, why do people seek help during difficulties?
a) Because they need guidance and support
b) Because they lack self-confidence
c) Because they are superstitious
d) Because they want to escape reality
101. Abdul Kalam was born in the year
(a) 1929
(b) 1930
(c) 1931
(d) 1932.
102. Kalam was the President of India from
(a) 1996 to 2001
(b) 2002 to 2007
(c) 1990 to 1995
(d) 2008 to 2013
103. What is the full name of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam?
(a) Abdul Pakir Jamiruddin Abdul Kalam
(b) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(c) Abdur Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(d) Ahmed Pakir Jamiruddin Abdul Kalam.
104. What was he a pioneer in?
(a) aerospace engineering
(b) rocket engineering
(c) chemical engineering
(d) space engineering
105. When did A.P.J. Abdul Kalam die?
(a) 2013
(b) 2014
(c) 2015
(d) 2016
106. Where did he work mostly?
(a) NASA
(b) ISRO
(c) Indian Space Organisation
(d) Indian Space Programmes
